What type of jurisdiction gives courts the authority to rule on a defendant's property?

In rem jurisdiction gives courts the authority to rule on matters concerning a defendant’s property. This type of jurisdiction focuses specifically on the property itself, rather than on the person of the defendant. In rem jurisdiction allows a court to take action against a property located within its geographic area, enabling the court to resolve disputes related to that property and determine rights and interests in it.

For instance, if a dispute arises regarding ownership or rights to a specific piece of land, a court with in rem jurisdiction can adjudicate the issue based on the property alone, irrespective of where the parties are located. This is particularly relevant in cases such as foreclosures, where the court’s decision directly relates to the property in question.

The other types of jurisdiction mentioned do not focus on property in the same manner. In personam jurisdiction pertains to the court's authority over the individuals involved in a case, Federal jurisdiction refers to cases that fall under federal law, and Exclusive jurisdiction means that a specific court has the sole authority to hear a particular type of case, which does not inherently involve property rights. Thus, the context of property and court authority is precisely why in rem jurisdiction is the correct answer.